Table 2 Attributes and characterisations of frugal innovation
Attribute categories (first-cycle coding) | Attributes and characterisations of frugal innovations used in articlesa |
|---|---|
Functional and focussed on essentials | Bare essentials, core benefits, cut corners, taking exception to some of the requirements, de-featuring, eliminating unessential functions, entirely new applications, provide the essential functions people need, fulfil the requirements of awareness, fulfil the requirements of availability, good enough, light, limited features, new functionality, do not have sophisticated technological features, portability, reduced functionalities, reducing the complexity, tailor made, unnecessary frills stripped out |
Considerably lower initial cost or purchase price | Accessible, affordable, affordability, avoid needless costs in the first place, cheaper, cost discipline, cost effective, extreme cost advantage, fulfil the requirements of access, fulfil the requirements of affordability, low budget, low cost, low prices, low priced, minimising non-essential costs, minimum cost, more affordable prices, much lower price, reducing cost, trying to reduce the cost, significantly lower costs, ultra-low cost |
Reducing the total cost of ownership | Reducing the cost of ownership |
Minimising the use of material and financial resources | Avoiding obesity, draw sparingly on raw materials, economical means, economic use of resources, low input of resources, minimise the use of extensive resources, minimise the use of financial resources, minimise the use of material, reduces material use, reducing the use of scarce resources, resource-saving product |
User-friendly and easy to use | Easy to use, simple, simpler |
Robust | Durable, low maintenance, reliable, robust, robustness, stable, sturdy, tough |
High value and quality | Fulfilling or even exceeding certain pre-defined criteria of acceptable quality standards, good service, high-end technology, high value, leapfrog technology, maintain quality, maximising value, right value proposition, value for money, value products |
Scalable and sales of large numbers | Drive profits through volumes, highly scalable, mega-scale production, scalable |
Sustainable | Eco-friendly, ecological, little environmental intervention, low carbon footprint, meets green marketing objectives, service ecosystem, sustainability |